Victim Blaming and Victim Defending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victim Blaming and Victim Defending - Essay Example In most cases, people who are exceptionally familiar with victimology do not view the victim as the one responsible for the misdemeanor. However, knowledge about the prior rapport between the fatality and perpetrator maximizes the perceptions of victim blame for cases such as wife battery. In addition, most of the psychologists argue that the victim is not necessarily fallacious. Roy Baumeister; a personality and social psychologist, argues that showing the victim’s responsibility can be shrewd, contrary to typical clarification of meanness and aggression (Said & Hitchens, 2001). Furthermore, in these two concepts there are factors such as secondary victimization, just-world hypothesis, rape shield laws, sexual purity and family honor which are of crucial importance (Ryan, 1976). These terminologies are quite common in association to victim blaming and victim defending. In relation to this case, secondary victimization can be identified as the retraumatization of the abuse victim through the response of the community in general. For example in the case of battered women, the women might be blamed. For instance, they might be accused of not acting as to the stipulated guidelines set by the husband or even cheating on the husband. These are some of the most common acts that may trigger the husband to beat his wife. Hence, this phenomenon is identified as secondary victimization. Rape shield laws have also become common according to most jurisdictions. These laws are liable for protecting the alleged victim with respect to certain phenomena. Another common factor related to the issue of victim blaming and defending is sexual purity and family honor. This prevalent factor involves social relationships in which women are mostly blamed for their indiscriminate acts. Lastly, there is the just-world hypothesis issue which is also prevalent in issues related to victim blaming and defending. This aspect describes the phenomenon that people believe

Methodology and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Methodology and Analysis - Essay Example In effect, the researcher employed the use of comprehensive literature review to serve the purpose of qualitative data collection. For the quantitative method, the researcher made use of primary data collection, which required the collection of first hand data from an identified research setting. The research setting comprised the IT systems development environment where the researcher made use of IT students, IT engineers, IT employees, and other IT experts. The primary data collection took place by designing a questionnaire, which contained questions on various thematic areas, relating to the purpose of the study. There were two major components of the questionnaire. The first sought to collect general background data or information on the respondents. Examples of these had to do with their nationality, years of experience in the field of IT and their role in software system. The second part contained questions on the actual hypotheses that the researcher was testing. ... This means that when repeated with the same variables, the research must produce the same results within different locations or settings. Now, with the combination of questionnaire and literature review, the researcher was offered the opportunity of testing the results gathered through primary data collection with data from secondary sources. In effect, it was possible to internally check for consistency of responses and how they conformed to universally accepted standards. With the questionnaire as an independent data collection tool, the advantage that it offered the researcher was that it made quantitative data analysis very easy. This is because almost all the questions posed were closed ended questions, requiring the respondents to select their answers from given options (Kimberly, 2009). This way, it was possible to easily quantify the answers into mathematical indexes. What is more, the literature review was very useful in collecting highly authenticated data because options o f researchers were compared and contrasted with each other before making personalized conclusions to suit the research problem. 3.3 Shortfalls of other available Research Methods Apart from the use of literature review and questionnaire, there are other research methodologies that the researcher could employ in the data collection process. However, these were not selected because they do not pose merits and advantages that surpassed the ones that the questionnaire and literature review offered. Two of these research methodologies that the researcher could fall on are interview and field observation. An interview is a question and answer session that a

Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation Research Paper

Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation - Research Paper Example Part 2 gives detailed descriptions of the testing or test cases. Part 3 discusses groups that will be affected by the tests. Part 4 discusses those who will be involved with testing. Part 5 discusses how results will be assessed. Part 6 gives the changes that will be made as a result of the testing. Part 7 discusses how to test the security risks in the 250K company. Chapter 4 gives the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations. Many businesses internationally have applied Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a substitute for the traditional Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) as stated by Ransome and Rittinghouse (2005, pp. 278-302). The improvement of VoIP offers a wide range of advantages ranging from saving of cost, efficiency in staff operations to offering improved shopping encounter for customers. These benefits go a long way in enhancing a business' competence and offers market leadership and dominance. Business management may be able to expand its competitive advantage by making use of the benefits that VoIP offers while considering some risks that should be dealt with by giving remedies and avoiding them altogether. The management of these risks is in the end the onus of the company management. These risks may range from compromising of high quality delivery, controlling of expenses that are security related to call hijacking among others. It is important to appreciate here that these risks offer huge drawbacks to business performance and their mitigation is a key factor that requires a great deal of management's attention. The paper is aimed at providing management with insight into what the risks of VoIP are. 1.2 Situational analysis In business, it is the task of the management to deploy, coordinate, allocate and combine inputs or resources in such a way that the goals of the organization are achieved as effectively as possible (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). In a business these resources are categorized into information, physical, human and financial resources. The former is quickly becoming one of the most important of the resources. The information resource consists of organized or processed data. The value of the information resource can also play a role in providing a business with a significant competitive advantage. Businesses are currently operating in the information era, wherein quality of information can establish the difference between successful and unsuccessful ventures. The factors that contribute to the quality of information have consequently become increasingly important. Completeness, timeliness, relevance and accuracy are, among other things, attributes of good quality information. Good qua lity information is communicated to the appropriate users before it is regarded as useful or valuable. Communication is the manner in which information is made accessible to other users, whereas telecommunications is the digital transmission of data or information from one terminal to another in terms of function and sophistication (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). Basic ways of communication include the use of telephones and fax. According to Wallingford (2005, pp. 245-263) the machines used in communication vary, whereby more technologically advanced and newer methods of communication

Mass Media Influence on the Society Proposal Essay Example for Free

Mass Media Influence on the Society Proposal Essay In the last 50 years, the influence of the media on the society has grown exponentially with the advance of technology. Mass media is a major force in modern culture, particularly in America. All lot of times they refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. If you look in the past, first there was the post offices and telegram, and then they build the radio, newspaper and magazines, later television and now internet. Mass media is all about communication whether spoken, written or broadcast that reaches a large audience. This includes movies, magazines, radio, television, advertising, the internet and so forth. But how is mass media influencing our society. This question is what drives me to writing this proposal. To do this research I will be using Internet, e-books and other researches done on this topic to really understand this subject and based on the result of my analysis I will present my findings and conclusion on the questions. Read more:Â  Essay About Media Influences on Society Research Question How is mass media influencing our society? Sub Questions: 1. How does mass media influence work? 2. What are the effects of media? 3. What kind of impact does mass media have on our youth? Introduction If you ask around most of the people will tell you that media is really influencing people. But how is mass media really influencing our way of living. Before discussing the influence of mass media on society it is important to point out the 3 basic functions of mass media. The basic function of media is to provide entertainment, education and news/ information. The most important function of media is to provide news and information to the masses. That is why the present era is known as the information age. People need news or information for different reasons, on one hand it can be used to socialize and on the other to make decisions and formulate opinions. Entertainment would be the other function where it is mostly used to amuse in present day hectic environment. Educating the masses about their rights, moral, social and religious obligations is another important function of mass media. Due to globalization a huge number of people depend on communication and information to stay connected to the world and their daily activities like education, work, health care, socialization and travel. If you look at a common person he or she wakes up each morning and checks newspaper or television news which he or she uses for basing their decisions.

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Power is a goal that most people strive for in their lives. When someone takes power for granted they can manipulate their friends and cause serious trouble. In terms of ancient history, specifically regarding ancient Rome, having too much power can lead to negative outcomes.  When someone mentions the name Julius Caesar, it triggers an image of Romes greatest leader in history. July 13, 100 B.C., was the beginning of a new era in Roman society. This marked the birth of Romes greatest political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars rise through Romes political ranks of Rome came quickly and it was believed by many individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful for his own good. They also believed that he was becoming a threat of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After establishing himself as the dictator of Rome, the Senate believed that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power. This led to Senatorial conspiracy and eventually to his assassination . His assassination was a result of his dramatic rise to power, which posed a threat to the senates. Ultimately his sudden death was a result of various personal factors that offended the senators and created animosity between them and Caesar, deeming his death inevitable. His death leads to a domino effect, which happens to lead to the inevitable collapse of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was murdered by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had many men that were coming up with a plot against him to assassinate him. Among the 60 men plotting to murder him, many were senators, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Fearing that fact if Caesar added Parthia to his conquests he would undeniably become king. Knowing that in four days Caesar was going on campaign against Parthia that time was pressing, so they had to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a meeting in a hall adjacent to Pompeys statue. At the beginning of the meeting, a man by the name of Cimber first knelt in front of Caesar to plead to him and recall his brother from banishment. When Caesar refused, Cimber yanked Julius toga down from his neck and stabbed him in the upright shoulder, since he was nervous and missed his neck. (CITE 2). The other conspirators followed suit and began to stab Caesar. When they were done the stabbing, Caesar lay dead with 35 wounds on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars rise to power came in an amazingly short period of time, faster than many before him. Caesar gained authority through the use of his public image as a Populares because he was born into the ideal social class, as a Patrician. He came from an old and established family line that made it only natural for him to go into the involvement of politics and government. Due to his family background, he had ties to the populares who were well known Roman political leaders on the side of the people. Caesar was a popular politician representing the masses of the people. His charisma and military victories  over the Germanic tribes in Gaul and his victories in Egypt, enabled him to quickly advance up the political ranks. One of the most critical political moves he made that contributed to his unbelievable success was an important 3-way partnership. Caesar proposed this 3-way partnership known as the 1st triumvirate. This strategic alliance was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar because there was increasing hostility between Pompey and Crassus. They divided up the Roman provinces between each other and the relationship between Pompey and Caesar was cemented by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter, Julia. However, the degeneration of the Triumvirate came with quickly with the death of Caesars daughter Julia, which broke the personal bond that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was followed by death of Crassus due to an attack by the Parthian army, which ended the Triumvirate. At the time of the First Triumvirate, the commonly known Republican form of government in Rome  was already well on its way to turning into a monarchy.   The first critical error Caesar made in his rise to power was when he was in Gaul. Caesar was accused of treason by some members of the senate because he had both tribunes on his side. Since they were on his side the tribunes both imposed their vetoes on the treason claim. The majority of the senate decided to ignore the vetoes and they ordered Caesar, who was now charged with treason to return back to Rome, without his army. Caesar did return to Rome but he did so with his army. As soon as he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in fact legally, committed treason. He was committing imperium, as he was exercising imperium when forbidden by the law. Waiting for Caesar was Pompey with his army, and the battle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC. Caesar won the battle and Pompey was forced to flee to Egypt. Due to Caesars political innovation techniques, he was able to make political alliances that helped him rise in power, and that left him as the leader of the Roman world. Once Caesar returned to Rome he ruled alone where he began a platform of reform for Rome. He decided to make himself dictator for life and he appointed his own personal senators. Many citizens were hoping that, after the Civil War had ended, Caesar would restore the constitution and make the laws and the courts function again.(CITE 5) As he conquered more and more enemies, he became increasingly popular with the people of Rome. His military victories are what gave him ultimate political popularity and furthered his claim as true leader of Rome. His military prominence is what helped Rome flourish into arguably the greatest ancient civilizations in history. His outstanding military campaigns are what helped Rome prosper in both size and power. He increased the size of the Senate from about 600 members to 900, bringing in new men into the ranks of office holders. (CITE 5). He gave the poor new jobs and they became faithful supporters, furthermore increasing his popularity with the peop le. He also assisted the poor citizens by regularly checking the spread of money throughout Rome to make sure that no one was living too poorly (CITE 5). In addition, he rewarded thousands of Veterans with pieces of land and cash bonuses. (CITE 5). This was another smart strategy that Caesar implemented which made his soldiers fight better, because they had a cause to fight for, which was their land, family, and leader. With this act Caesar made Rome a more wealthy, open, and safe place to live. With Caesars quick increasing popularity the Senate tried to prevent Caesar obtaining the position of the consulate, which was a very important position because it was the position that was in charge of Romes defence forces. The Senate felt that Caesar wanted to take on the position of king of Rome. The divine honours that he accepted, the temple, the priest, the name divus Julius, and the festivals that marked the rule of the hellenistic monarchs, all point in that direction. It was thought by many in the Senate that Julius Caesar was becoming too powerful, and that he had dreams of kingship and ultimate power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a major threat towards the stability of the Roman Empire and this would have drastically reduced the power of the Senators. They feared that Caesar would turn the Roman Republic into a tyrannical monarchy (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was but a name without substance or form.(CITE 5) He called many assemblies to have them vote on laws that were constructed by him and to and to elect the candidates he had personally chosen. His disrespect of the constitution of Rome was on full display by an event in the year 45 BC, which was two and a half months before his death. Word came to Caesar that a consul in his office had suddenly died. Caesar quickly called an assembly and had it elect a new man to take over the position. This made the Senate extremely angry with Caesar and thus, the idea of eventually getting rid of Caesar by murder, was starting to evolve. The motive for the Senates killing of Caesar was ultimately out of personal hatred. They had personal animosity towards Caesar for his actions towards them. The friends of Caesar were infuriated to see him promote former enemies to positions of equality with themselves. Many of these former enemies, instead of feeling gratitude toward Caesar for their lives and for the benefits they had received, continued to feel resentment because they had lost so much to Caesar. (CITE 6). Many blamed Caesar personally for the setbacks that they or their families suffered. No Roman in history had ever exerted so much control over the lives of his fellow aristocrats more than Caesar. According to (CITE 6) the motive for the murder of Caesar was established when he sat in his golden chair before the new temple of Venus, the mother of his house, Caesar failed to rise to thank the fathers. This contributed to personal hatred on Caesar by the Senate. There were more than 60 senators associated with the plot. Many of them were Caesars former close friends. They had their own reasons for joining in on the organization, but majority were at a personal level. Many felt Caesar personally insulted them or their families. Therefore, Brutus and Cassius became the leaders in a plot to slay the Caesar, along with 60 other men, mainly pardoned by Caesar who were determined to carry out the deed of murdering him. (CITE 5). There were two key men who had an extreme personal hatred for Caesar and were the leaders in creating the perfect plot to murder him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was a special friend of Caesar. They both wanted personal revenge on Caesar with all the suffering they went through in the civil war Caesar created. Gaius Cassius Longinus was the first leader of this conspiracy who also had deep resentment for Caesar. The first thing Caesar did to infuriate Cassius was when he bypassed Cassius for the prestigious urban praetorship, consulting the office on Brutus instead. Cassius was also offended by Caesars unwillingness to award him the consulship until 41 BCE. (CITE 6). In addition, Caesar was very hesitant trust Cassius, even though he was one of the most experienced and able military commanders of his day. (CITE 4) He never rewarded Cassius with a major command position which suggests a lingering distrust, which is confirmed by Caesar light hearted remark t o his friends, that he suspected Cassius because of his paleness (CITE 5). On the other hand, Marcus Junius Brutus is the other best known figure in the conspiracy and he had a strong personal reason for his resentment of Caesar. Brutus was a very close friend of Caesar and Caesar trusted Brutus above all others in his administration. There was an apparent rumour which suggested that Caesar had an affair with Brutus mother, Servilia and it had provoked the idea that he was Caesars natural son. There were more rumours suggesting the she offered Caesar her daughter Tertia who was Brutus half-sister. (CITE 6) With all of these events, Brutus must have been deeply embarrassed by the matter, and his mothers conduct is one possible explanation for his personal motivation to kill Caesar. The sum of the evidence suggested that the personal motives Cassius and Brutus might have had for participating in the conspiracy to kill Caesar, also led them to hate Caesar for impeding their careers at several vital stages. Ultimately, Julius Caesar was a man of great care and charisma who also desired power, but above all, wanted to witness the citizens of Rome thrive under his authority. When he defeated Pompeys army and gained control of all of Rome, he began to establish reforms intended to make the people of Rome happier and more prosperous at all levels of society. He quickly became beloved by his citizens and gained incredible popularity among the Roman people. His increasing popularity and power became a grave threat to a group of Senates who were worried they would lose all of their power. The conspirators who feared the Caesar, created a plot to murder Romes greatest political figure. Led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, the group of conspirators butchered Caesar until his death on the footsteps of the statue of Pompey. The motive clearly influencing these two men to kill Caesar was undeniably at the personal level. Their personal hatred towards Caesar is what led to the fall of Rome some f ive hundred years later. Julius Caesar made many key contribution to make Rome as successful and as powerful as it was. The chaos that ensued after his death, and the ultimate collapse of Rome, proves that his assassination was indeed a tragedy.

Examining Moral Philosophies’ Functions in Business Essay -- values, e

The Moral Philosophies’ Functions in Business Usually the conversation about philosophy in society is centered on the universal structure of values as part of their lives. Conversely moral philosophy relates to certain ideologies or statutes which are used by societies in determining right or wrong. It is imperative to comprehend there is a difference between â€Å"moral philosophies† and â€Å"business ethics†. The â€Å"moral philosophies† pertain to individual’s values, whereas â€Å"business ethics† is centered on groups’ decisions or relate to meeting a business objective. As espoused by Ferrell, et.al, (2013) the moral philosophy is what a person hold as their ethics and beliefs. However, when viewing ethics in the framework of business, ethics are based on what the group considers to be the best or worse approach for the business operation and its objectives. Therefore, it is the responsibility of a company or its managers to create, and instruct, employees on the conformity of ethical in business practices within their organizations. Managers also should understand that their personal moral philosophies can be influential as a guide to other employee. Moreover, it should be understood that moral philosophies offer standards for controlling how conflicts are settled in reference to people life’s concerns. Additionally moral philosophies influence how corporation devise business strategies and resolve specific ethical issues (Ferrell, et al., 2013, p. 153). With that said it should be noted that not one specific moral philosophy is accepted universally. This fact is proven by viewing how moral philosophies is used to are used to endorse certain economic system and the conduct of people in those systems. For the purpose of this paper... ...., Fraedrich, J. & Ferrell, L. (2013), Business ethics & social responsibility. [OMM640 Custom edition] Mason, OH: Cengage Learning Forsyth, D. R. (1992). Judging the morality of business practices: The influence of personal moral philosophies. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5), 461. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/198100721?accountid=32521 Robertson, C. J., & Crittenden, W. F. (2003).Mapping moral philosophies: Strategic implications for multinational firms. Strategic Management Journal, 24(4), 385-392. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/225010000?accountid=32521 Singh, J., Vitell, S., Al-Khatib, J., & Clark, I. (2007). The Role of Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies in the Ethical Decision Making of Marketers: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of China and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 15(2), 86-112.

Impressions of My Antonia :: My Antonia Essays

Impressions of My Antonia My Antonia has been called nostalgic and elegiac because it celebrates the past. The inscription on the title page of My Antonia is a quotation from Virgil: "Optima dies... prima fugit." This sentence, meaning "the best days are first to flee", helps incorporate all the elements of the novel I would like to discuss. It not only makes clear that Willa Cather will deal with memories of a glorious past, but also allows suitable basis to show how nature can change and affect a relationship. It also hints at the Hellenic, to a large extent pastoral tone the novel will be set in. A pastoral work retreats to an ideal rural setting. Jim Burden not only goes back to the prairie, but more importantly, he retreats to the innocent days of his very first memories. While this reflects on the focus of the paper, I will use two characters, Jim and Antonia, to illustrate these issues, and show why they make this book such a delightful work of art. My Antonia is told from the point of view of Willa Cather's fictional friend, Jim Burden. He writes in the first person, and his use of the pronoun "I" makes you feel his personal involvement. The point of view is immediate and subjective. Looking back on his memories, he knows what is eventually going to happen to the characters. He persuades you to sympathize with all of them. His perception, being broad and persuasive, sets the tone for the whole book. What is the purpose of having the story told by Jim Burden thirty years later? From that perspective he can present with great clarity and tenderness the highlights of his memories. A man of the world, he is reinvestigating his values. Jim Burden sets down everything the name of Antonia brings back to him. Antonia represents to him the most fundamental, traditional way to lead one's life, including the virtues of hard work, charity, love, optimism, pride, and sympathy with nature. The prairie makes one think of the forces of nature--immense, cyclical, and unpredictable. When Jim Burden arrives on his grandparents' farms, he is awed by the sight of "nothing but land." His parents are both